Of the three modulatory (M) chemicals, it is norepinephrine that is most essential for attention [...]
Norepinephrine levels fall whenever we become sleepy (or even bored); in these states we have difficulty focusing our attention. We lose sight of the words as we read a book at bedtime or lose sight of the road as we drive at night. … [remember] that in dreams we are never able to stop the action to focus on some detail; our ability to attend is disabled. ... during dreaming, the cortex is missing norepinephrine and the control that it confers.
WATCHING OURSELVES DREAM … AND HALLUCINATE
With practice, in our dreams, we can call up just enough norepinephrine to give us some control. At rare times we experience what is called lucid dreaming - while still in a dream, we become aware we are dreaming. This awareness is usually fleeting and more often wakes us up. But we know, for an instant, that we are dreaming. Certain individuals, like my colleague Ed Pace-Schott, can sometimes make themselves become lucid while dreaming. When he succeeds, he regains control of his attention. He does this in two ways. One is to notice and pay attention to the bizarre discontinuities and incongruities that label dreaming so clearly, instead of ignoring these obvious clues as we usually do.
The second is to tell himself to make voluntary movements (that is, to seize control) of his eyes instead of letting them flit back and forth automatically as they usually do.
With some encouragement from Ed, I have renewed my interest in lucid dreaming. And I use a similar one-two punch. First I notice the obvious fact that I am dreaming, and
then I will an act [i.e., wills himself to perform an action] that corresponds to what I am seeing in my dreams. If I am flying, I tell myself to flap my arms.
… what I am doing is engaging in volition. I am purposely starting a motor program. My theory is that by doing this I am engaging my frontal cortex to call for chemical help. My brain stem responds by sending up some norepinephrine - just enough to place me on the knife’s edge between REM sleep and waking. If I push the system too hard, I will wake up. If I let up a bit, I will become reabsorbed in the dream.[/b]
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