3D graphics came about in the late 70s, but it was almost exclusively R&D at that time. Actually, almost all graphics at this time was vector based. In the early 80s companies started comping out with abilities to make animations for commercials or movies. The first movie to really use 3D graphics was Tron. I guess that would be the first use of computer graphics commercially.
Apple was the first to incorporate 3D graphics in a computer with the original Macintosh in 1984. It had a 3D rendered chess program. It was really 3D rendered, but they faked the lighting. Real lighting wasn't invented until early 2000s.
Pixar made the first 3D animated movie in the early 90s: Toy Story.
3D Monster Maze was the first computer game that was real 3D, it came out for the Sinclair in 1981, but the first "modern" 3D game was DOOM, made by id in the early 90s.
CGI didn't really take off until the 90s because everything got standardized by the release of OpenGL. OpenGL is still the gold standard for 3D graphics and will probably stay there for a long time because it has no competitors. It's closest competitors are DirectX and Allegro, but combined, they barely take up 5% of the market.
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